Unit+3

__**The Expansion of Cotton, Slavery, and Plantation in 19 century America**__

 * This picture compares the malden to the size of an average Alabama slave plantstion in the 19th century. This plantation looks extremely huge in size, which goes to show how much southern planters invested in plantation to the point where they didn't bother to invest in other industries. This 1000 acres of land could accomodate several houses for different families in malden, but here only one person owned this vast amount of land. This shows that owning a slave plantation was important as well as beneficial to southerners. This picture also implies that the majority of the land in the south were kept for plantations worked by slaves.
 * Chapter Data**
 * The number of slave holders in the south was about 3477525 in the year 1860.
 * The huge plantations in the south held about 40 or 50 slaves.
 * Between 1820 and 1860 the slave population went from 41 thousand to 435 thousand in Alabama. In Mississippi it went from 32 thousand to 436 thousand.
 * The prosuction of cotton between 1820 and 1860 rose from 3 million to 5 million bales of cotton per year.
 * The profits made from cotton in the south during 1820 and 1860 rose from $2 million to $200 million a year.


 * Maps on pg. 296 and 297**
 * One of the maps on page 296 shows cotton production and slave distribution in 1820 and the other map shows slave distribution and cotton production in 1860. The amount of slaves in various areas increased as plantation production increased. As the demand for cotton increased in England and other places with textile industries many Americans decided to move down South and partake in this profitable economy of cotton production. With an increase cotton planatations, the need for slave laborers more than doubled. Farmers of sugar tobacco and rice started selling their slaves for profits as their industry started loosing strenght to the new found popularity in cotton production. A greater amount of slaves were now found in various different Southern states including Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, and Arkansas.
 * The map on page shows a Louisiana plantataion that was strcteched along the Mississippi River. This map is significant because it shows how the south's transportation was very primitive compared to the north. The south depended solely on river transportation, instead of investinf in the production of newer transportaion means such as canals, railroads, and better paved road systems. These plantations had to be situated near rivers or ports in order for cotton or other crops to find their ways to different parts of the country for trade.

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Antebellum means> Before War aka Civil war in this chapter
 * __Chapter 12 Preview: Antebellum Culture and Reform__**
 * New types of literature will be published, new publishers and writers, which means education increased.
 * Education increases and new educational institutes are established.
 * Women start fighting for their rights, they get together in conventions and discuss ways to improve their social statuses.
 * American population increases and becomes more diverse.
 * Traditional values become less and less important to people in America as society changes quickly.
 * Many different types of reformers arise during this period oof American history.


 * __Temperance Movement__**
 * Definition**: A movement that focused on purifying society from all alcoholic beverages by moderating the use of alcohol. Trying to reduce the use of alcohol in society in order to prevent social disorder, and improve personal morality.

The Drunkard's progress was an anti-alcoholism cartoon drawn during the nineteenth century which displays nine steps of a drunkard's progress. This image describes the different stages that occur in an alcoholics' life and how alcohol determines the stages of a person's life. A person becomes acquiented with alcohol through the means of a social happenings, then this social behavoir progresses to become a routine in one's daily life. After that the man is completely engrossed in alcohol, spending all his money on alcoholism, to the point where he fails to provide for his household. Eventually, alcohol plays a major part in the alcoholic's downfall and isolation from society. This cartoon focuses on the immorality of alcoholism, because it is stating that alcoholism will only lead to an unstable society and also destroys the socieconomy of an environment.
 * __Analysis:__**


 * __Chapter 13 Map Analysis__**
 * **Expanding Settlement, 1810-1830 (pg. 340)**
 * American settlement to west expanded greatly after the Loiusiana Purchase, emigration from the east increased.
 * One reason why America's expansion was able to increase so much came as a result of Americans beleiving that it was God's and history's destiny for American borders to expand.
 * Mexico allowed Americans to move into Texas in order to gain more revenues, which allowed the white settlement to grow towards the west more.
 * White population increased also.
 * **Western Trails in 1860 (pg. 345)**
 * The development of railroads, canals, new road systems contributed to the expansion and growth of major trails in the west.
 * These trails developed because people/Americans were looking to explore the west; they were seeking new business ventures and the new lands in the west provided them this opportunity.
 * Indian American population must have decreased or moved further West as more white settlers moved in.
 * **The Mexican War, 1846-1848 (pg. 349)**
 * American forces were much more intense on the Mexican forces during the war.
 * Mexicans and Americans argued a lot about territory division, and since Americans already resided in some Mexican areas, it was easier for Americans to be able to invade and attack Mexico, while Mexicans were not as forceful.
 * **Southwestern Expansion, 1845-1853 (pg. 350)**
 * With new territorial gains after the Mexican War, Americans/slave owners wanted to move into these new lands and settle there. This also increased migration to Western America.
 * Half of what is now California, came as a result of the new territorial gains from Mexico.
 * Texas was once an independent area after the war, but America bought some of these Mexican lands in order to complete its borders and territories, that are still seen today.
 * Theme: Westward Expansion**
 * These expansions happened as as result of war, treaties/purchases, idea of manifest destiny, immigration, desires for gold and land/trying to make more money through businesses,
 * Manifest destiny: America's faith to control all of America's land, from the Caribbean to all of the Americas.
 * Americans thought they were better because they have a democratic government. they thought their government was the right and only way/just and righteous, believed God favored them over all others. Americans thought they were special, that they deserved it.
 * White superioty, they felt Americans were better, and that their cultural tendencies were better thanb the rest. They have the best religion and other practices.
 * Slave and free territories under the compromise of 1850 (pg. 354)**
 * Americans were concerned of how the entire slave issue was going to be handled in the new territories.
 * The north ans south developed new tensions, because the south and slave owners wanted to have slavery in the new states, while the north didnt want slavery to continue to exist in the new territories.
 * popular sovereignty was introduced in the new territories. People get to choose whether they wanted slavery or not.
 * popular sovereignty is democratic; people get to decided what goes on in their area.

__Causes of the War__ __Advantages of the South__
 * The Civil War**
 * The dred scott situation
 * Kansas-Nebraska Act
 * Fugitive Slave Act
 * Diciding whether new states in the Union would be free or slave states
 * Fort Sumter
 * Growth of the abolition movement
 * Election of Abraham Lincoln 1860
 * Secession of Southern States
 * Sectionalism
 * Revoking the Missouri Compromise
 * Fighting on familiar ground/defensive side of war
 * had the support of the local people
 * The Southern army had a better communication
 * the north was divided in regards to the war
 * had better farm life, so they could raise more food for their soldiers
 * strong military leaders

__Advantages of the North__ __Economic measures of the North to mobilize for war__
 * Better transportation; railroad system
 * Bigger population, so bigger man power and army
 * Better industrial system; they could make their own war materials
 * Had the President & Federal government on their side
 * National Bank Act/ new banks could join union then they could issue treasury notes as currency/created a united system of national banks. These new banks heped secure more funds for the war from smaller banks.
 * levying taxes/adding taxes
 * issueing paper currency/ backed by credit of the government/ greenback currency
 * Selling bonds to the American people including ordinary people; which was a form of a loan

11: Civil War a) Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent b) Military strategies and foreign diplomacy c) Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war

d) Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West
 * In the north the women had new responsibilities like looking over the farm and slaves when their husbands left for war.
 * In the south more women population, more unmarried and widowed women, since the had to find jobs, southern natural roles for women changed.
 * In the south, inflation, and shortages, and low food production.
 * In the north production of goods, industial, and agricultural increased.

12: Reconstruction a) Presidential and Radical Reconstruction b) Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures c) Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy d) Compromise of 1877 e) Impact of Reconstruction

ch.14 question #2 Question # 3 Question # 4
 * During the Civil War the Union and the Confederate mobilized in ways that were similar yet different. The Union went through different measures to finance the war. The government sold bonds to citizens and borrowed money from banks and other financial institutes. The north levied taxes and also established a new papaer currency called greenbacks. The North raised up a huge army by establishing a draft system and they recruited African American soldiers. Like the North, the South funded the war by raising taxes, however, this did not provide enough revenue so they ended selling bonds. Unlike the north, the south did not create a permanent currency system. The south also established a draft system that allowed men to voluntarily enter the army. Despite the fact that both sides were not prepared for the coming of the war, they were able to raise up able armies for the Civil War.
 * As men left their homes to go out on the battle during the Civil War, women were left to care for the children, and also maintain the plantations of the south. Women in the south were forced to become field workers during the war in their homes, because several plantation wives no longer had slaves to help them tend the fields. Both in the South and North, women took the positions that men were accustomed to. They became doctors, nurses, and artisans of their towns. The gender role changed in the home front during the war, as women excised more freedom, since the gender balance was offset. This time allowed women to prove themselves, and also evoked feminist feelings.

Perpective of Civil War & Reconstruction
 * Conservatives and Radical Republicans: wanted military leaders of the confederacy to be punished, blacks legal rights should be protected. properties of rich southerners should be taken away and given to the new free slaves. the south should accept the abolition of slavery. wanted everything to be more difficult.
 * Lincoln: Lincoln's 10% plan> did not want an easy and laid back approach. It gave amnesty to white southerners, and others who became loyal to the government who also promised to accept the abolition of slavery. when ever 10% of people in the south in 1860 accepted this rule, they could create a government. Lincoln didnt want war, but he saw this war as a neccessity to keep the country together; protect the Constitution. Wanted peace and Unity, to move forward.
 * Johnson: he called it "restoration." the president gave a governor to each conquered state. gave amnesty to all wealthy southerners who gave loyalty to government.
 * Northerners: they wanted immidiate response from the south/ shocked, angry. wanted the south to accept the abolition of slavery without being forced to; they felt it was a neccessity. were hostile towards south, since they were creating new governments and joining the Union. they didnt like the fact that the new government of officials of the south were ones who had been leaders during the Confederacy.
 * southern planters: didnt want change. wanted to keep slavery, but have it as a legal form. white supremacy to remain.
 * Free Blacks: they were frustated, because even though they had freedom, they really couldnt do much.
 * Johnson: He was moderate, took ideas from both Lincoln and radical republicans.

The Civil War was definately worth it. If Abrham Lincoln had not taken steps to initiate the war, the status of African Americans would never have improved, and the United States of America would not be in existance today. During the reconstruction period in the south, the government established different laws and regulations in America that allowed African Americans to have this freedom that America was built upon. __The Emancipation Proclamation__ abolished slavery, and gave blacks a chance at freedom. To further increase the freedom of these former slaves, the government established __the 14th and 15th Amendment__, in which African Americans were now recognized as citizens, and they could live anywhere without fear of being called into slavery again. As a result of the Civil War, African Americans were given a chance at freedom, though they did not possess absolute social and economic equality with the whites, they were better off than before.
 * __Was the Civil War worth it????????__**
 * **Vanesha:** Civil war was worth it, yet at several expenses. African Americans free, allowed America to emphasize equality of all. Not worth it because, American people were the ones dying during the war, and economy was damaged.
 * **Oshaney:** was worth it, because even though many dies, there were many freedoms were gained. African Americans attained freedom.

__**CHAPTER 15 QUESTIONS**__ Question #1 Question # 3 Question # 2
 * Literally after the Civil War, the south needed to reconstruct their railroad system that had been destroyed during the war. The South needed to reconstruct its fields and plantations that diminished during the war.
 * Southern Economy had to be reconstructed, which was why a new industrial system emerged in the south tafter the war. The southern governement had to be reconstructed, because they were now entering into the Union again, and it was crucial for a new governement, seperate from the Confederacy's, to be established.
 * The education system in the south needed reconstruction. Public school systems that allowed blacks an opportunity at education had to be established.
 * The oce broken relationship between the north and south had to be reconstructed, because if they were all going to become one nation again, most of their issues had to be resolved so that the anamosity level would decline.
 * The cultural faults of thwe south had to be reconstructed. The southern culture was embeded in racial segregation among whites and blacks, and during reconstruction, the federal government tried resolving these issues throgh different laws; the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amenedments, and also acts that would grant African Americans land to level out the inequality they faced.
 * Reconstruction eneded because the federal government troops had been pulled out of the south, and so the north no longer had interferance with the daily routines that went on in the south. They could not reinforce the laws that had been created in the south. Also as the federal troops left the south, the Democratic governement quickly rose in that area, and many of these people were white southerners who despised reconstruction efforts.
 * Because so many political figures had drawn out their own plans for reconstruction, there never was a mutual/compromised plan for reconstruction, therefore reconstruction had no solid foundation, which led to its failure. From Lincoln's 10% plan to the Davis Wade reconstruction plans.
 * Ended after the Compromise of 1877
 * North and South were finally reunited under one government.
 * Blacks continued to be controlled politically, economically, and socially by southern whites.
 * Johnson's vetoes were overriden by Congress during reconstruction.
 * There were several compromises made during the reconstruction period; the 1877 compromise.
 * Congress and the president had different visions, so they always had to reach a middle ground when it came to issues of reconstruction. Radical Republicans in congress, did not agree with a lot of Johnson's and Lincoln's vision, therefore they always had to come to terms with laws and ideas that incorporates both opinions and views.