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=**Religion, Reform, and Renaissance in Antebellum America** =  **A) Evangelical Protestand Revivalism** **B) Social Reforms** **C) Ideals of Domesticity** **D)Transcendentalism and utopian communities** **E)American Renaissance: literary and artistic expressions**
 * Did not agree with Calvanist doctrines
 * Got its roots from Second Great Awakening, and they sought after social reforms
 * Believed that everyone had the ability to obtain salvation, all they needed was a spiritual rebirth
 * One of its most influencial leaders in the 1820s and 1830s was Charles Grandison Finney
 * Several revivals took place in New York where many were experiencing prosperity as a result of the construction of the canal.
 * Encouraged women to participate and play important roles in the revivals. Women felt liberated by the new source of importance they found, and the preachers felt the males in these women lives could be reached through them.
 * Many people saw the revivalism as a way for personal salvation but also as a way to fix a lot of aspects of larger society
 * These revivalism called people to stand against personal immorality
 * Supported the Temperance movement
 * People wanted to remake society in order to bring order to society.
 * Women seemed to take the leadership in several of the social reforms that occured during the 19th century
 * The temperance movement/crusade was a fight to stop drunkenness. Women believed as a result of their husbands drinking too much alcohol, their hisbands were spending hard earned money on drinks instead of taking care of their families, and drunk men were known to abuse their wives. Alcohol was became a major popularity for most in Antebellum America, and was often used as a social past time.
 * The American Society for the promotion of Temperance was an organization that provided momentum to the crusade as well as the preaching of Evangelical preachers.
 * The greatest educational reform was the Horace Mann's Reform. Made public education more popular by increasing teacher's salary and added more items to the curriculum.
 * The Asylum Movement, was a reform that was made for prisoners, criminals, and the mentally ill, and many believed the treatment of people in these facilities was very cruel. This movement advocated for the improvement of the environment of these individuals, there were new ways in which the mentally ill were being treated.
 * Femenism experienced an increase. Women advocated for their rights and equality, and demanded to be seen equal to men.
 * The Abolitionist movement grew quickly durind this time. New leaders such as Frederick Douglas emerged.
 * During the establishement of several communial living areas that occured during, gender roles were redefined. Women were not forced to marry, women were not forced to bear children if they didn't want to.
 * The doctrine of "seperate spheres" limited women a lot. Men felt women were not capable of doing the same things in life that men could.
 * Transcendentalist beliefs was based on the idea of the individual; they distinguished between reason and understanding
 * Transcendentalist believed humans had it within themselves to understand the beauty and truths of the world by being in touch with their emotions and instincts, and they believed being able to accomplish this was the highest level a person could accomplish.
 * It was a transcendentalist belief that people should not be confined to the restricted limits of reason and understanding that society had set up for them, but rather attempt to reach their souls and obtain a greater understanding of the life around them.
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leader of all transcendentalist in America, who left the church in order to spread the ideals of transcendentalism
 * Henry David Thoreau was another important figure in the transcendentalist community who coined up the term "civil disobedience," meaning that individuals were allowed to disobey the law and the government if the government failed to keep immoral standards such as slavery.
 * Transcendentalism helped create one of the first communial living area known as Brook Farm durign the 19th century. Was established in West Roxbery, MA by transcendentalist George Ripley. The idea was that all members would share labor and leisure where people would be able to obtain self-realization.
 * After Brook Farm came New Harmony established in Indiana by Robert Owen; people lived and worked in complete equality.
 * Oneida Community was established in upstate New York by John Noyes, where all traditional roles of family and marraige wasnt regarded.
 * Romanticism was adopted by several artists, and literary artists
 * Nationalism was displayed through the work of American painters. These artists developed art that displayed the nation's prettiest and best looking landscapes. Capturing nature was a huge aspect of most of the work.
 * The Hudson Rive School was the first important and highly known school for American painters, it was located in New York. The school and the artists that went there saw nature, and not civilization, as the greatest area in which wisdom could be acquired.
 * James Cooper, an American writer, wrote about American wilderness and captured several experiences that had to do with the American expansion out West.
 * Writers such as Herman Melville expressed emotion, celebrated individualism.
 * Souther Romanticism exalted the southern lifestyle.